difficile were associated with vitamin D supplementation of breast fed infants whose mothers were more likely to adhere to an alternative lifestyle in terms of, e. In addition, a positive linear trend between quintile groups and B. and levels of maternal vitamin D supplementation and maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D quintiles, respectively. There was a statistically significant negative linear trend between counts of Bifidobacterium spp. The association between vitamin D exposure and prevalence or abundance of a specific bacterial group or species was analyzed using logistic or linear regression, respectively.

and total bacteria were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction assays targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences. In 913 one month old infants in the prospective KOALA Birth Cohort Study, fecal Bifidobacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis group, Lactobacillus spp. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was determined at approximately the 36 th week of pregnancy. Infant and maternal vitamin D supplement use was ascertained via questionnaires. We investigated whether maternal vitamin D supplemention, maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, or direct supplementation of the infant influences key bacterial taxa within microbiota of one month old infants. Vitamin D has immunomodulatory properties giving it the potential to affect microbial colonization of the intestinal tract.

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